When shopping for clothing, we often prioritize style, comfort, and affordability. However, what we wear can significantly impact not only our skin but also our overall health and the environment. In my previous post, I delved into polyester's effect on our health and environment. Today, I want to introduce you to another toxic fashion material: acrylic fiber.
Acrylic fiber is a synthetic polymer fiber made primarily from acrylonitrile and other monomers. It is derived from petroleum or coal-based chemicals. Developed by DuPont in the 1940s, acrylic gained popularity in the 1950s as a wool substitute due to its warmth, softness, durability, and resistance to fading, mildew, and insects. Common applications include sweaters, hoodies, athletic wear, and home furnishings. However, concerns have been raised about its environmental impact and potential health risks, as acrylic is not biodegradable and may release harmful substances during production and use.
MANUFACTURE PROCESS OF ACRYLIC FIBER
Polymerization: Acrylonitrile and other monomers are combined and polymerized under controlled conditions to form a viscous acrylic polymer.
Filtration: The polymer mixture is filtered to remove impurities and ensure a high-quality final product.
Spinning: The polymer is melted and extruded through a spinneret to form long, thin strands of fiber.
Drawing/Heat Treatment: The fibers are stretched to align polymer chains, improving strength and durability.
Crimping: The fibers are given a wavy or curled texture to enhance bulkiness and feel.
Cutting: The crimped fibers are cut to the required length for different applications.This process results in fibers that are lightweight, warm, and soft, making them suitable for various textile applications. However, the production and disposal of acrylic fabrics pose environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature and the release of microplastics.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The ecological footprint of acrylic is alarming. Acrylic fibers take hundreds of years to break down, contributing to the growing issue of textile waste in landfills. The production of acrylic requires significant energy inputs. Moreover, the microfibers shed during washing don’t just disappear. They travel to waterways and oceans, where they pose a serious threat to aquatic life.
HEALTH EFFECTS
While acrylic garments may feel cozy, the production and wearing of these fibers come with a list of health concerns:
Cancer: Acrylic fibers are produced using highly toxic chemicals, such as acrylonitrile, which is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Scientific data on acrylic fibers has shown a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers, as well as the occurrence of tumors—primarily astrocytomas in the brain—in animal studies.
Skin irritation and allergy: Acrylic fabrics are less breathable than natural fibers and can trap heat, potentially exacerbating skin irritation and discomfort, especially in warm climates. Some people experience also allergic reactions, especially those with sensitive skin or conditions like eczema.
Respiratory problems: Acrylic fabrics may cause degeneration and inflammation of nasal respiratory epithelium; and hyperplasia of mucous secreting cells.
Toxic overload: When acrylic garments are washed, tiny plastic particles called microfibers are released into the water. These microfibers can absorb harmful chemicals from the environment, eventually re-entering the food chain. As they accumulate in the ecosystem, they pose a risk to human health, contributing to toxic body overload. Over time, the buildup of these toxic substances in our bodies can disrupt normal biological functions, leading to chronic health issues.
ALTERNATIVES TO ACRYLIC IN FASHION
If you’re looking to reduce your exposure to toxic materials and lessen your environmental impact, consider these alternatives:
Organic Cotton: Cultivated without the use of synthetic chemicals, organic cotton helps conserve water and reduces pesticide runoff. It is also gentler on the skin and less likely to cause allergic reactions.
Hemp: A sustainable, fast-growing plant, hemp requires little water and pesticides. It produces strong, durable fibers that contribute less to microplastic pollution. Hemp fabrics are breathable and typically cause fewer skin sensitivity issues.
Linen: Made from flax plants, linen is biodegradable and uses less water than cotton. Its natural hypoallergenic properties make it a great choice for those with sensitive skin, offering a reduced risk of irritation.
Wool or Alpaca: Sustainable and biodegradable options for warmth.
HOW TO MAKE CONSCIOUS CHOICES
Check Labels: Look for certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) or OEKO-TEX, ensuring lower toxicity and environmental impact.
Buy Less, Choose Wisely: Focus on quality over quantity to reduce waste.
Support Sustainable Brands: Choose brands with transparent production practices and a commitment to sustainability.
CONCLUSION
Acrylic may be appealing for its affordability and versatility, but the hidden costs to your health and the planet are too significant to ignore. By choosing sustainable materials and being mindful of your purchases, you can make a positive impact and support a cleaner, healthier future for everyone.
REFERENCES
U.S. EPA. IRIS Toxicological Review of Acrylonitrile (External Review Draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-08/013A, 2011.
U.S. EPA. IRIS Toxicological Review of Acrylonitrile (Interagency Science Consultation Draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/635/R-08/013C, 2011.
Yacout, D.M.M., Abd El-Kawi, M.A. & Hassouna, M.S. Cradle to gate environmental impact assessment of acrylic fiber manufacturing. Int J Life Cycle Assess 21, 326–336 (2016).
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